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Table 3. Probability values for single degree-of-freedom linear contrasts of plant parameters.
Contrast Number of leaves Internode length Leaf area Leaf area removed Above ground biomass dry wt
Control vs G. calmariensis < 0.0001 * - 0.03 * <0.0001* 0.18
Control vs M. lythri 0.68 0.27 0.59 - 0.33
Control vs M. lythri + G. calmariensis 0.0041 * 0.18 0.21 <0.0001* 0.63
Control vs Herbivores + Predators 0.83 0.09 0.02 * <0.0001* 0.22
G. calmariensis vs M. lythri + G. calmariensis 0.1 - 0.31 0.78 0.31
M. lythri vs M. lythri + G. calmariensis 0.0014 * 0.91 0.48 - 0.74
G. calmariensis vs C. carnea + G. calmariensis 0.05 - 0.55 0.08 0.85
M. lythri vs H. axyridis + M. lythri 0.21 0.11 0.15 - 0.38
Both herbivores vs Both herbivores + Predators 0.0031 * 0.9 0.74 0.8 0.82

Myzus lythri (M. lythri; herbivore), Galerucella calmariensis (G. calmariensis; herbivore), Harmonia axyridis (H. axyridis; predator), Chrysoperla carnea (C. carnea; predator)
* Significant differences (P < 0.05)
- parameter was not measured for this contrast.
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